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In genomic analysis and diagnostics so-called microarrays are used for the parallel analysis of a small amount of biological sample material. They allow the simultaneous evaluation of several thousand individual assays and are dividable in DNA microarrays and protein microarrays.

DNA microarrays can be divided in spotted microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays, which serve both the mRNA or rRNA detection. If nucleic acids are used as probes, equivalent to mRNA, (for example: cDNA, oligonucleotides or PCR fragments), one speaks of spotted microarrays.

If artificially produced oligonucleotides are used as probes the microarray is called oligonucleotide microarray. These probes are immobilized on a support material (e.g. a glass substrate) at a predetermined grid position. Protein microarrays are used to detect protein-protein interactions, which can be seen as a characteristic "spot" on the microarray. A small amount of protein is immobilized on the carrier material and serves as the probe and interacts with the added purified protein (analyte). However, protein microarrays can not only distinguish whether two proteins interact with each other, but also give a quantitative evaluation of the detected spots.

Depending on the type of interaction, protein microarrays can be categorized in reverse phase protein microarrays (lysate microarray), antibody microarrays, antigen microarrays and protein domain microarrays. Reverse phase protein microarrays are used for antigen detection in cell lysates or protein fractions. For the ultimate detecting one usually uses a fluorophore or enzyme conjugated secondary antibody (for example horseradish peroxidase), whose fluorescence emission after its excitation or its catalysis of an characteristic color change can be measured. Antibody microarrays use antigen-specific antibodies (capture antibody) as a detection probe, which are either conjugated, or they are detected by a second detection antibody (similar to enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, short ELISA). Antigen microarrays use different antigens as probes and thus detect specific antibodies in blood sera. Recombinant proteins fulfill the role of the probe in the so-called protein domains microarrays and allow the specific detection of the interaction of a protein with a certain protein domain which was fixed via a non-binding portion on the carrier material. Transfection microarray allow the study of different cell lines that are transfected with a specific DNA with the aid of a transfection reagent. Thus, the parallel detection of effects of various genes on the phenotype of cells is possible.

The immunohistological examination of cylindrical tissue samples (biopsy) on a microscope slide is referred to as a tissue microarrays. In this case the presence of cancer or tumor cells can be investigated in parallel in various tissues, by means of a specific antibody.

Today microarrays play a huge role in the field of biochemistry, genetics, medicine, molecular biology and pharmacy.